Essays on Plato and Aristotle part 2

Essays on Plato and Aristotle part 2 Essays on Plato and Aristotle part 2 Essays on Plato and Aristotle part 2Essays on Plato and Aristotle part  1Aristotle pays a great portion of attention towards studies of human soul, working out the structure of it. The basis is made with two elements: rational and irrational. Irrational element is the one shared with animals, whereas rational belongs to human beings. It is clear that people need to eat in order to survive in adulthood and to grow in the childhood, thus vegetative faculty belongs to irrational element. Organisms, which do not experience any problems in this relation are said to have nutritional virtue.   The role of the appetitive faculty is more sophisticated, it is responsible for human emotions and desires. This faculty is thus standing between rational and irrational segments; animals are able to experience emotions and desires and it makes it irrational. People in their turn are able not only to experience desires, but to control them with the help of common sense, which makes it rational as well. Exactly this ability to control desires is called morality or moral virtue. â€Å"Aristotle notes that there is a purely rational part of the soul, the calculative, which is responsible for the human ability to contemplate, reason logically, and formulate scientific principles. The mastery of these abilities is called intellectual virtue† (Ferguson, 1972). Aristotle investigated the source of the ability to control the desires and concluded that it comes from practice and learning. However, it is rather important to understand the degree of this control, because over – as well as insufficient control might become the sources of problems. The philosopher compares this process with physical training, when enough training does well to the sportsman and excess of psychical exercises would lead to physical collapse.The virtues, which regulate the desires, according to Aristotle, do not belong to either mental faculties or emotions; rather they are the traits of a char acter. In practice this theory might be applied as in the following example. All people experience fear in various life situations. They should do their best to develop the corresponding response to this feeling. If this response is too little – a person becomes coward; and on the contrary – if it is developed to an extreme – the reactions of such individual would be too rash and unexpected. An important thing here is that the needed rational quantity can not be calculated mathematically. He proves it with a simple example, if to take 200 apples   eating all of them would be too much for a person, at the same time eating zero apples – would be too little, but it doesn’t mean, that eating 100 apples is ok. It is necessary to study the concrete situation in order to conclude, where the needed mean is. Finding the mean between the two extremes is the most difficult task for any individual.The idea of morality is connected to the faculty of moral in sight. â€Å"The truly good person is at the same time a person of perfect insight, and a person of perfect insight is also perfectly good. Our idea of the ultimate end of moral action is developed through habitual experience, and this gradually frames itself out of particular perceptions† (Ferguson, 1972). Moral action is not simply the process of realization of it, neither a result of simple desire, which actually narrows all objects to two groups: those bringing pleasure and those bringing pain. If we are talking about morality, it should be stimulated by desire and controlled by understanding. All the choices, either with good or bad intentions are done with free will. Only those actions might be considered involuntary, which were taken because of other person’s pressure. The views of Aristotle on the notion of morality and the moral choices of people seem to be profound and many-sided. Most of his statements seem to be generally true to life and actual for todayâ €™s society and human beings as well.Aristotle underlined the close connection of politics and ethics, practically naming the politics the verification of ethics. Moral ideas in relation to politics were the same means for achievement of individual happiness, because human beings are in their nature social beings and exist in unions. Thus the smallest units are families, then come cities and finally states. â€Å"The state in fact is no mere local union for the prevention of wrong doing, and the convenience of exchange. It is also no mere institution for the protection of goods and property. It is a genuine moral organization for advancing the development of humans† (Ferguson, 1972). Talking about family relations, Aristotle mentioned the relations between parents and children, husbands and wives and masters and slaves. Slaves here are defined as alive property of their masters and slavery is considered by Aristotle as a kind of natural institution, with the corresponding subdivisions into slaves by nature and those, who became slaves after conquests and wars. Wealth is measured by the quantity of money, or better to say the possibilities to use it. Financial exchange between individuals started with bartering, which further developed into financial relations.If the notions of wealth and finance are more or less acceptable till nowadays, it is necessary to note, that the attitude towards slavery has been changed immensely. Modern societies do not accept any form of slavery and there was a long history for the whole mankind to achieve this goal.Overall, we have studied the general information about the famous philosopher and scientist – Aristotle; discussed his views upon ethics, politics, metaphysics and religion; compared his views to his teacher Plato, as well as commented on their actuality for the modern world and individuals.

Marketing Saturn Corporation in 1998 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Saturn Corporation in 1998 - Essay Example The Saturn Corporation had to be in complete contact with the GM, since the GM planned to launch the big cars and decided to have a shift from small to mid-size cars, Saturn Corporation should have planned the similar and should have quit the idea of manufacturing the same old small cars. The reason that the strategy was not hard to implement is that the Saturn Corporation had previously been spotted number one in manufacturing small cars and because of that it had made some reputation and capital to cope well with the GM and this is exactly what GM had thought about the company. But it was not the part of the company's mission statement and therefore the immediate job of the Saturn Corporation was to convince the GM that further launching of any such cars can make the market more competitive and already there are big leaders like Toyota and Honda performing well in the market, the scheme can be a flop. Whereas if the GM keeps on manufacturing such small sized cars which are having l esser costs and are already competing Toyota and Honda, the GM and Saturn could both be in greater profitability. Further, the Saturn Corporation could have stated to GM that the target audience should be the younger generation who is not capable of buying expensive cars and therefore would buy smaller cars already being manufactured, further more the traffic is increasing day by day and therefore the demand of small cars would be even higher in the future and thus the company should keep on manufacturing such cars perhaps with greater innovation to attract all the classes of society. Since Saturn is losing its quality despite of a tough competition, Saturn should concentrate on quality, which would ultimately yield experience particularly in the situation where there are other competitors in the market. Only this way the Saturn can provide the parent company with a useful knowledge and technology. As mentioned earlier, Saturn Corporation should not get distracted with what is being offered to them by GM as they are here for gaining experience with perfection and they should consistently keep on trying providing the up to date information on past sales to the CEO and President or even the upper management at GM, this could really make the GM feel to keep on making small cars without hassles. We all know about the outcome, the GM made the mid-sized cars incorporation with Saturn which provided the fair business but due to some rivalry with Japanese firms, the company had to get back to manufacture small cars and this time turning their mid-sized cars into small cars again, such as Sedan, a coupe and station wagon. This situation would have been a lot better if GM had just eliminated the plants and downsized the organization yet not eliminated the manufacturing of small cars. The disturbance was created in this part of 1990s where they thought of making mid-sized cars.

U.S. and Texas Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S. and Texas Government - Essay Example Who else might do it better? Developing issues and educating the public. This would be done better by non-partisan individuals in a government. 3. What is the SMSP (single member, single plurality) electoral rule? What is a common alternative to the SP (single plurality) part? Which rule sometimes requires a runoff? SMSP is the process of voting whereby the person who gets most votes wins. An alternative to it is the Multiple-winner and the rule that requires a run off is the SMSP. 4. What is a PR (proportional representation) electoral rule? Why would an SMPR (single member, proportional representation) electoral rule be a logical impossibility? It’s a voting method that uses quota system to ensure that each part wins with a given number of votes. It can’t represent all the voters. 5. It is important to understand why an SMSP electoral rule favors a two-party system. Why does this rule give incentive to third parties to join up with a major party? When a third party joins one of the two parties, it has more advantages than being solo. Most voters tend to associate themselves with the ruling party when making decisions to vote. c) Effect of communications technologies on both voters and candidates; voters are able to understand an individual’s agenda and a choice is made even before elections are held. Technology platforms have provided such information.

Dracula and Kenneth Essay Example for Free

Dracula and Kenneth Essay The high angle shot and extreme long shot looking down at Dracula and Harker crossing through the hall. This shot draws attention to Draculas extremely long red cape streaming out behind him like a trail of blood. The low angle shot shows Dracula looming over Harker and makes him look powerful, like he is in control. Many two shots are used to allow the audience to make comparisons between the two characters. The low angle shot is also used to emphasize the shadows movements. The low lighting helps with casting Draculas shadow which is again typical of horror. Draculas eerie shadow moving in the gloom is very effective for scaring the audience as the combination of shadow with candle light works exceptionally well for this scene. This candle light makes the gloomy aspect more present as the castle is immense and there are not very many candles so most of the entrance hallway would be beyond the reach of the light and in darkness, which makes it very scary as you do not know what lurks in the gloom. There is orchestral music played by the strings which go low and slow to create a sinister atmosphere. This music adds to the feeling of tension, the feeling that something is going to happen. The music gets louder and quicker when Harker offends Dracula by laughing and Dracula gets furious and pulls out a sword. This combined with the change of pace and volume of the music makes the audience become afraid, a typical trick of horror. There are many different sound effects in this scene from Dracula. There is the howling of the savage wolves, which scares the audience and makes the element of horror and wildness of the setting more clear. There was the thunder, which is typical of a horror movie. The clanging of the huge, metal gates emphasizes the feeling of the strength and inescapability of the castle and that Harker will not be able to escape and this will be his prison for the rest of his life. Harkers costume is typical of a man of those times. He wears a suit and is very neatly presented. He has his hair combed very carefully. Draculas is very different. He wears a huge red robe which trails out behind him like blood. His hair is curled up high and is white and it mixes with the skin on the back of his neck which makes him look weird and scary. His skin is white and wrinkled like an old man and this creates the effect that he has been drained of all his blood and that helps you to understand his lust for blood and the way he talks about the preciousness of blood. It makes him look very scary and effective, almost dead in a way. It also makes him look exotic and abnormal. He would stand out in a crowd of normal people. There were quite a few similarities between the film extract and the text; both were set in a huge, Gothic castle with a vast courtyard. The stone was massively carved and the door was old and studded. Both had creeping shadows and lanterns. In both the film extract and the text, Dracula is portrayed as having hairy palms (abnormal), profuse hair, an extraordinary pallor as he is very pale, he is portrayed as being an old man in both and he is also similarly portrayed as speaking with a strange intonation (foreign accent). The similarities between the film extract and the text with Harker is that in both they portray his feelings of anxiety and his crossing of the threshold is made significant. The differences are that in the text, Dracula is described as having bushy eyebrows and a moustache whereas in the film extract he has a plain face. In the text, Dracula is dressed in all black while in the film he is dressed in white which emphasizes his paleness with a red cape that is more powerfully visual as looking like blood flowing behind him. Also in the text Dracula is portrayed as having a red mouth with protuberant, pointed teeth while in the film he is shown as having a pale mouth and normal teeth. The director uses this look in order to make Dracula look like a normal human, adding to the feeling of mystery surrounding him, and to make him different from the stereotypic image of Dracula. Summary These two films engage a modern audience in the way the films use clever tricks to give suspense, which can be overlooked in some of the newer horror films that rely on the amount of blood that comes out rather than clever filming and jumpy moments. In short, Dracula and Frankenstein were very similar in the way that they portrayed the typical horror tricks and consisted of similar camera angles to each other point out various bits. I thought that Dracula, both the written extract and the film extract fitted the horror genre a bit better than Frankenstein as it was more believable for me. I also thought that the film extract was much more scary, although Frankenstein wasnt bad and had its moments of fright. My final views were that Dracula was on the whole filmed better than Frankenstein as it used the different camera angles more effectively in my opinion. Andrew Baillie 10ALB Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

The Influence of the FLN on De Gaulle and Algerias Independence Essay

The Influence of the FLN on De Gaulle and Algeria's Independence In 1957, French Forces were able to militarily defeat and temporarily subdue FLN. However, to the surprise of the whole world, French President Charles De Gaulle opted for a political solution and announced independence for the Algerians in 1962. To what extent did the activities of FLN influence De Gaulle and what other factors can be identified which led to his surprising decision to grant independence to Algeria? Introduction 1. The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libà ©ration Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. Although the French government of the time considered all Algerian violence, including violence against the French military, to be crimes or terrorism, some French people, such as former anti-Nazi guerrilla and lawyer(Jacques Verges) have compared French resistance to Nazi German occupation to Algerian resistance to French occupation. 2. The struggle was touched off by the FLN in 1954, only two years before France was forced to give up its control over Tunisia and Morocco. The FLN's main Algerian rival — with the same goal of Algerian independence — was the later National Algerian Movement (Mouvement National Algà ©rien, MNA) whose main supporters were Algerian workers in France. The FLN and MNA fought against each other in France, and sometimes in Algeria, for nearly the full duration of the conflict. 3. Algeria was the greatest and in many ways the archetype of all anti-colonial wars. In the 19th century the Europeans won colonial wars because the indigenous peoples had lost the will to resist. In the 20th century the roles were reversed, and it was Europe which lost the will to hang on to its gains. Algeria was a classic case of this reversal. 4. In 1830 Algeria became a French territory and in 1848 was made a dà ©partement attached to France . During this period political and economic power were held mainly by the minority of white settlers, and the indigenous Moslem minority did not have equal rights. Moslems were killed before independence was declared on July 5, 1962. Later that year the Algerian provisional government transferred authority to the Poli... ...ely compelled French authorities to announce independence for the Algerian people. This war of independence passed through many ups and downs and millions of innocent people suffered badly but the ultimate will of the people found its way to the final success. Movement of such nature should always remain a source of inspiration and motivation for the deprived and suppressed people of the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Books Alistair Horne; A Savage War Of Peace, Algeria 1954 – 1962, Macmillan London Limited, London. Tania Matthews; War in Algeria: Background for Crisis, Fordham University Press. Dorothy Pickles; Algeria and France: From Colonialism to Cooperation, Methuen and co.ltd. 2. Internet a. www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/algeria.html b. encarta.msn.com/Algerian_War_of_Independence.html c. www.usfca.edu/fac-staff/webberm/algeria d. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War e. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/A/Al/ Algerian_War_of_Independence.htm f. www.free-definition.com/Algerian-War-of-Independence.html g. www.country-studies.com/algeria/political-movements.html h. http://www.sahara-overland.com/routes

Riba’ and Gharar

Prohibition of Riba’ Generally Riba’ means that prohibition on any interest. In Islamic Finance system, investors and lenders are strictly disallowed to charge or receive interest. In the Shari’ah, â€Å"riba† technically refers to the premium that must be paid by the borrower to the lender along with the principal amount as a condition for the loan or for an extension in its maturity. According to Chapra (2006), term of riba is used in the Shari‘ah in two senses. The first is riba al-nasi’ah and the second is riba al-fadl..The term nasi’ah comes from the root nasa’a which means to postpone, defer, or wait, and refers to the time that is allowed to the borrower to repay the loan in return for the ‘addition’ or the ‘premium’. Hence riba al-nasi’ah is equivalent to the interest charged on loans While, prohibition of riba al-nasi’ah implies that the fixing in advance of a positive rate of retu rn on a loan as a reward for waiting and no difference whether the rate of return is small or big, or a fixed or variable per cent of the principal.It is important to note that, according to the Shari‘ah, the waiting involved in the repayment of a loan does not by itself justify a positive reward. Gharar is known as unacceptable risk taking which is another fundamental principle of Islamic finance central to the structuring transactions. It also can be considered some level of risk remains a fundamental aspect of commercial life and risk allocation a necessary component of Islamic finance; only disproportionate risk, speculative trading and transactions meeting exceeding limitations.According to Tabari (2011) gharar may rise from unacceptable levels of settlement risk, inadequate or inaccurate information and complex contracts where multiple transactions are not identifiable with multiple independent contracts. Besides, according to Iqbal (1999) Gharar in a contract arises whe re there is a lack of knowledge or there is a reasonable doubt about the control of either party to the contract over the completion of the exchange. The best example of gharar is gambling which have kind of unacceptable risk and gambling is disallowed in Islam.As a consequence, the major terms and conditions, such as the price, subject matter or time of delivery, must be determined when concluding the corresponding agreement. The main reason riba is prohibited because it prevents people from undertaking real economic activities. For example when a person having money is allowed to earn more money on the basis of interest, either in spot or deferred transactions, it becomes easy for him to earn without bothering himself to take pains in real economic activities.This leads to hampering the real interests of humanity, because the interests of humanity cannot be safeguarded without real trade skills, industry and construction. It support by Siddiqi (2004), Riba corrupts society and ult imate effect is negative growth. It must be a reason why Islam prohibits gharar, according to Gurulkan (2010), in a general context, the unanimous view of the jurists held that, in any transaction, by failing or neglecting to define any of the essential pillars of contract relating to the consideration or measure of the object, the parties undertake a risk which is not indispensable for them.This kind of risk was deemed unacceptable and tantamount to speculation because of its inherent uncertainty. Speculative transactions with these characteristics are therefore prohibited. In conclusion, riba’ and gharar will cause negative in social economics and that is a main reason, Islam prohibit these elements in business transaction. Even though, the debate still continue but prohibit it will save economics.

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes -stasis

The suffix (-stasis) refers to having a state of balance, stability or equilibrium. It also refers to a slowing or stoppage of motion or activity. Stasis can also mean to place or position. Examples Angiostasis (angio-stasis) - the regulation of new blood vessel generation. It is the opposite of angiogenesis. Apostasis (apo-stasis) - the end stages of a disease. Astasis (a-stasis) - also called astasia, it is the inability to stand due to impairment of motor function and muscle coordination. Bacteriostasis (bacterio-stasis) - the slowing down of bacterial growth. Cholestasis (chole-stasis) - an abnormal condition in which the flow of bile from the liver to the small intestines is obstructed. Coprostasis (copro-stasis) - constipation; difficulty in passing waste material. Cryostasis (cryo-stasis) - the process involving the deep-freezing of biological organisms or tissues for preservation after death. Cytostasis (cyto-stasis) - the inhibition or stoppage of cell growth and replication. Diastasis (dia-stasis) - the middle portion of the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle, where blood flow entering the ventricles is slowed or stops prior to the beginning of the systole phase. Electrohemostasis (electro-hemo-stasis) - the stoppage of blood flow through the use of a surgical instrument that uses heat generated by an electrical current to cauterize tissue. Enterostasis (entero-stasis) - the stoppage or slowing down of matter in the intestines. Epistasis (epi-stasis) - a type of gene interaction in which the expression of one gene is influenced by the expression of one or more different genes. Fungistasis (fungi-stasis) - the inhibition or slowing down of fungal growth. Galactostasis (galacto-stasis) - the stoppage of milk secretion or lactation. Hemostasis (hemo-stasis) - the first stage of wound healing in which the stoppage of blood flow from damaged blood vessels occurs. Homeostasis (homeo-stasis) - the ability to maintain a constant and stable internal environment in response to environmental changes. It is a unifying principle of biology. Hypostasis (hypo-stasis) - the excess accumulation of blood or fluid in the body or an organ as a result of poor circulation. Lymphostasis (lympho-stasis) - slowing down or obstruction of the normal flow of lymph. Lymph is the clear fluid of the lymphatic system. Leukostasis (leuko-stasis) - the slowing down and clotting of blood due to the excess accumulation of white blood cells (leukocytes). This condition is often seen in patients with leukemia. Menostasis (meno-stasis) - the stoppage of menstruation. Metastasis (meta-stasis) - the placement or spreading of cancer cells from one location to another, typically through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Mycostasis (myco-stasis) - the prevention or inhibition of the growth of fungi. Myelodiastasis (myelo-dia-stasis) - a condition characterized by the deterioration of the spinal cord. Proctostasis (procto-stasis) - constipation due to stasis that occurs in the rectum. Thermostasis (thermo-stasis) - the ability to maintain a constant internal body temperature; thermoregulation. Thrombostasis (thrombo-stasis) - stoppage of blood flow due to the development of a stationary blood clot. Clots are formed by platelets, also known as thrombocytes.