The Influence of the FLN on De Gaulle and Algerias Independence Essay

The Influence of the FLN on De Gaulle and Algeria's Independence In 1957, French Forces were able to militarily defeat and temporarily subdue FLN. However, to the surprise of the whole world, French President Charles De Gaulle opted for a political solution and announced independence for the Algerians in 1962. To what extent did the activities of FLN influence De Gaulle and what other factors can be identified which led to his surprising decision to grant independence to Algeria? Introduction 1. The Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and colonists in Algeria and the FLN (Front de Libà ©ration Nationale) and other pro-independence Algerians. Although the French government of the time considered all Algerian violence, including violence against the French military, to be crimes or terrorism, some French people, such as former anti-Nazi guerrilla and lawyer(Jacques Verges) have compared French resistance to Nazi German occupation to Algerian resistance to French occupation. 2. The struggle was touched off by the FLN in 1954, only two years before France was forced to give up its control over Tunisia and Morocco. The FLN's main Algerian rival — with the same goal of Algerian independence — was the later National Algerian Movement (Mouvement National Algà ©rien, MNA) whose main supporters were Algerian workers in France. The FLN and MNA fought against each other in France, and sometimes in Algeria, for nearly the full duration of the conflict. 3. Algeria was the greatest and in many ways the archetype of all anti-colonial wars. In the 19th century the Europeans won colonial wars because the indigenous peoples had lost the will to resist. In the 20th century the roles were reversed, and it was Europe which lost the will to hang on to its gains. Algeria was a classic case of this reversal. 4. In 1830 Algeria became a French territory and in 1848 was made a dà ©partement attached to France . During this period political and economic power were held mainly by the minority of white settlers, and the indigenous Moslem minority did not have equal rights. Moslems were killed before independence was declared on July 5, 1962. Later that year the Algerian provisional government transferred authority to the Poli... ...ely compelled French authorities to announce independence for the Algerian people. This war of independence passed through many ups and downs and millions of innocent people suffered badly but the ultimate will of the people found its way to the final success. Movement of such nature should always remain a source of inspiration and motivation for the deprived and suppressed people of the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Books Alistair Horne; A Savage War Of Peace, Algeria 1954 – 1962, Macmillan London Limited, London. Tania Matthews; War in Algeria: Background for Crisis, Fordham University Press. Dorothy Pickles; Algeria and France: From Colonialism to Cooperation, Methuen and co.ltd. 2. Internet a. www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/algeria.html b. encarta.msn.com/Algerian_War_of_Independence.html c. www.usfca.edu/fac-staff/webberm/algeria d. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War e. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/A/Al/ Algerian_War_of_Independence.htm f. www.free-definition.com/Algerian-War-of-Independence.html g. www.country-studies.com/algeria/political-movements.html h. http://www.sahara-overland.com/routes

Riba’ and Gharar

Prohibition of Riba’ Generally Riba’ means that prohibition on any interest. In Islamic Finance system, investors and lenders are strictly disallowed to charge or receive interest. In the Shari’ah, â€Å"riba† technically refers to the premium that must be paid by the borrower to the lender along with the principal amount as a condition for the loan or for an extension in its maturity. According to Chapra (2006), term of riba is used in the Shari‘ah in two senses. The first is riba al-nasi’ah and the second is riba al-fadl..The term nasi’ah comes from the root nasa’a which means to postpone, defer, or wait, and refers to the time that is allowed to the borrower to repay the loan in return for the ‘addition’ or the ‘premium’. Hence riba al-nasi’ah is equivalent to the interest charged on loans While, prohibition of riba al-nasi’ah implies that the fixing in advance of a positive rate of retu rn on a loan as a reward for waiting and no difference whether the rate of return is small or big, or a fixed or variable per cent of the principal.It is important to note that, according to the Shari‘ah, the waiting involved in the repayment of a loan does not by itself justify a positive reward. Gharar is known as unacceptable risk taking which is another fundamental principle of Islamic finance central to the structuring transactions. It also can be considered some level of risk remains a fundamental aspect of commercial life and risk allocation a necessary component of Islamic finance; only disproportionate risk, speculative trading and transactions meeting exceeding limitations.According to Tabari (2011) gharar may rise from unacceptable levels of settlement risk, inadequate or inaccurate information and complex contracts where multiple transactions are not identifiable with multiple independent contracts. Besides, according to Iqbal (1999) Gharar in a contract arises whe re there is a lack of knowledge or there is a reasonable doubt about the control of either party to the contract over the completion of the exchange. The best example of gharar is gambling which have kind of unacceptable risk and gambling is disallowed in Islam.As a consequence, the major terms and conditions, such as the price, subject matter or time of delivery, must be determined when concluding the corresponding agreement. The main reason riba is prohibited because it prevents people from undertaking real economic activities. For example when a person having money is allowed to earn more money on the basis of interest, either in spot or deferred transactions, it becomes easy for him to earn without bothering himself to take pains in real economic activities.This leads to hampering the real interests of humanity, because the interests of humanity cannot be safeguarded without real trade skills, industry and construction. It support by Siddiqi (2004), Riba corrupts society and ult imate effect is negative growth. It must be a reason why Islam prohibits gharar, according to Gurulkan (2010), in a general context, the unanimous view of the jurists held that, in any transaction, by failing or neglecting to define any of the essential pillars of contract relating to the consideration or measure of the object, the parties undertake a risk which is not indispensable for them.This kind of risk was deemed unacceptable and tantamount to speculation because of its inherent uncertainty. Speculative transactions with these characteristics are therefore prohibited. In conclusion, riba’ and gharar will cause negative in social economics and that is a main reason, Islam prohibit these elements in business transaction. Even though, the debate still continue but prohibit it will save economics.

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes -stasis

The suffix (-stasis) refers to having a state of balance, stability or equilibrium. It also refers to a slowing or stoppage of motion or activity. Stasis can also mean to place or position. Examples Angiostasis (angio-stasis) - the regulation of new blood vessel generation. It is the opposite of angiogenesis. Apostasis (apo-stasis) - the end stages of a disease. Astasis (a-stasis) - also called astasia, it is the inability to stand due to impairment of motor function and muscle coordination. Bacteriostasis (bacterio-stasis) - the slowing down of bacterial growth. Cholestasis (chole-stasis) - an abnormal condition in which the flow of bile from the liver to the small intestines is obstructed. Coprostasis (copro-stasis) - constipation; difficulty in passing waste material. Cryostasis (cryo-stasis) - the process involving the deep-freezing of biological organisms or tissues for preservation after death. Cytostasis (cyto-stasis) - the inhibition or stoppage of cell growth and replication. Diastasis (dia-stasis) - the middle portion of the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle, where blood flow entering the ventricles is slowed or stops prior to the beginning of the systole phase. Electrohemostasis (electro-hemo-stasis) - the stoppage of blood flow through the use of a surgical instrument that uses heat generated by an electrical current to cauterize tissue. Enterostasis (entero-stasis) - the stoppage or slowing down of matter in the intestines. Epistasis (epi-stasis) - a type of gene interaction in which the expression of one gene is influenced by the expression of one or more different genes. Fungistasis (fungi-stasis) - the inhibition or slowing down of fungal growth. Galactostasis (galacto-stasis) - the stoppage of milk secretion or lactation. Hemostasis (hemo-stasis) - the first stage of wound healing in which the stoppage of blood flow from damaged blood vessels occurs. Homeostasis (homeo-stasis) - the ability to maintain a constant and stable internal environment in response to environmental changes. It is a unifying principle of biology. Hypostasis (hypo-stasis) - the excess accumulation of blood or fluid in the body or an organ as a result of poor circulation. Lymphostasis (lympho-stasis) - slowing down or obstruction of the normal flow of lymph. Lymph is the clear fluid of the lymphatic system. Leukostasis (leuko-stasis) - the slowing down and clotting of blood due to the excess accumulation of white blood cells (leukocytes). This condition is often seen in patients with leukemia. Menostasis (meno-stasis) - the stoppage of menstruation. Metastasis (meta-stasis) - the placement or spreading of cancer cells from one location to another, typically through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Mycostasis (myco-stasis) - the prevention or inhibition of the growth of fungi. Myelodiastasis (myelo-dia-stasis) - a condition characterized by the deterioration of the spinal cord. Proctostasis (procto-stasis) - constipation due to stasis that occurs in the rectum. Thermostasis (thermo-stasis) - the ability to maintain a constant internal body temperature; thermoregulation. Thrombostasis (thrombo-stasis) - stoppage of blood flow due to the development of a stationary blood clot. Clots are formed by platelets, also known as thrombocytes.

10 Sounds We Hate Most and Why

The Definition of Poverty - 554 Words

Spicker Guizamen et al Gordon (2007) twelve clusters of meaning of poverty evidently proved how the definition of poverty seems difficult to be established, the debates on poverty have been bedeviled by an artificial formalism, which insists that there is only one agreed meaning of poverty. However poverty does not attract a single meaning. For him, poverty is commonly understood in at least twelve discrete senses, which are logically separated: The first meaning denotes poverty as a material concept: individuals are attributed as been poor because they do not have something they need or because they lack the resources to get the things they need; here ‘needs’ may refer to things like-food, clothing, fuel or shelter. These needs may be relative or absolute; however Hazzilt (1946) thinks that the sources and foundation of the needs are linked to different preferential wants. The second meaning denotes a pattern of Deprivation; every need can be said to be equivalent to been termed as poor. However there are several interpretations of what makes up been poor due to level of needs: food and shelter for some is seen more important than entertainments and transport, thus what they lack is relative as affirmed by SimmelJacobson (1965). Consequently Simmel (1965) thinks that the third meaning denotes poverty as li mitation of resources which is commonly known as the failure to meet certain minimum requirements for the standards of living. But the fourth meaning denotesShow MoreRelatedThe Definition of Poverty Essay644 Words   |  3 Pages What are the definitions of poor and poverty? Many people hear the words poverty and have different meanings, so how do we know which definition and I poor is the correct one? According to many people poverty may mean a person who does not have any money to do the things they want to do, however most people can afford to live only on the things they truly need. This is just one example; there are many other definitions of the word poverty. Then what do people consider to be the meaningRead MoreDefinition Of Classism And Poverty1573 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition of Classism and Poverty: Classism is a discrimination based on your social class, but it’s more than that, it’s shunning a fraction of people because they are a different class, it is an inequality in what it is to live. This is a colossal issue that impacts millions and this directly ties into billions through poverty. I may be going on and on about poverty, but you may not know what it is and so you may not know how massive of an issue it is. Poverty is being in a state of such lackRead MoreThe Definition Of Poverty On The Number Of Adults And Children1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe definition of poverty hinges on the number of adults and children in the family. Based on income in the United States in 2015, roughly, poverty lines as the weighted average poverty thresholds for family with one person, two people and three people, are 12,082, 15,391, and 18,871 dollars, respectively [1]. Poverty rate differs between race and Hispanic origin, age, and sex, disability status, and other societal characteristics, including immigration status, region, and work experience. The realRead MoreHow Has The Definition Of Poverty Changed Over Time?896 Words   |  4 PagesHow has the definition of poverty changed over time? The definition of poverty has changed overtime because it is defined in several ways. The basic needs perspective defines poverty â€Å"as the lack of resources to fulfill basic human needs including food, health, and education. The capabilities perspective defines poverty as the absence of opportunities to achieve capabilities to be sheltered, well nourished, adequately clothed, healthy, and active in the community† (Chapin, 2014, p.308). This perspectiveRead Moresociety poverty has various definitions that lack the true picture that poverty depicts. Dictionary500 Words   |  2 Pagessociety poverty has various definitions that lack the true picture that poverty depicts. Dictionary defines poverty as â€Å"the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money on material possessions.† In other words poverty is a situation where a person fail to earn a sufficient amount of income to purchase basic necessities such as food, shelter, clothes etc. In reality, poverty is much more than the capital resources. According to Laster Brown explained poverty as â€Å"the worldRead MorePoverty Is A Global Concern And Its Eradication1376 Words   |  6 Pages Poverty is a global concern and its eradication is becoming surmountable. This is primarily due to the challenges posed by international and national causes respectively. Besides, the complexity of the phenomenon has not lend itself to be easily eradicated. Little wonder the world continues to struggle to eradicate poverty. Africa is one of the poorest countries on the universe and research and data show that Sierra Leone is one of the poorest countries in Sub-Sahara (UNDP, 2015). Sierra Leone’sRead MorePoverty and Destitution1299 Words   |  6 PagesDefining Poverty Poverty has been defined in many different ways. Some attempt to reduce it to numbers, while others believe that a more vague definition must be used. In the end, a combination of both methods is best. DiNitto and Cummins (2007), in their book â€Å"Social Welfare, Politics and Public Policy,† present six definitions and explanations of poverty. Social reformers Webb and Webb (1911) present another angle on poverty. Essentially, all definitions are correct, the debate is of whichRead MorePoverty Is A Problem That Affects Millions Of People On A Daily Basis1387 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is a problem that affects millions of people on a daily basis. It is a topic that has been highly debated for many years in politics, between academics and with regular people. The problem that is debated is how to define it, how it should measure and who should be able to dictate these things. A broad definition of poverty is â€Å"the state of having little or no money, goods, or the means of support† (http://dictionary.reference.com). Poverty can be said to have many different definitions butRead MorePovertyin the World811 Words   |  3 PagesPoverty evokes various definitions depending on the audience and perhaps the purpose or context that it is used. Limiting the definition of poverty to a ‘value judgment’ is of little use in terms of agreeing on a definition for the purpose of comparison and measurement between groups (Sen 1979, p.285). A clear definition of poverty supports and indicates the process for measurement, and as such would also assist in determining the focus and approach for development (Clark 2012; Ruggeri, Saith Read MoreThe Cause And Causes Of Poverty1325 Words   |  6 Pagesissue of poverty. According to the Business dictionary, poverty is a â€Å"Condition where people s basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met†. Due to the serious effects and causes of poverty, it has always been an imp ortant issue throughout the world. Causes of poverty vary from country to country but the biggest and most common causes are things such as national debt., disabilities, health issues, war, social inequality, lack of education, and natural resources. Poverty comes with

Microbiology Elsevier Health Sciences - Click to Get Solution

Question: 1) How does prolonged antimicrobial therapy compromise the host immunologically? 2) Why are infections and malignancy common among the elderly? 3) Describe the type of infections that are likely to occur in an organ transplant patient. 4) Patient's with Hodgkin disease are especially susceptible to certain infections. Name several and the reason why they are more susceptible. 5) In neutropenic patients, what type of infection is most common and why? 6) Who is at greatest risk of infection after a splenectomy and why? 7) What type of infections have been reported in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma? 8) Briefly describe what happens to the immune defense mechanism in a burn patient. Questions on Antibiotic Mechanisms of Action and Resistance: 1)Describe the mechanism of action of the different classes of antimicrobials based on the five targets of antibiotics. 2)Describe intrinsic and acquired resistance, and provide examples. 3)List the different groups of antibiotics discussed in the chapter, and describe how they act on bacteria. Answer: How does prolonged antimicrobial therapy compromise the host immunologically? Immunocompromised patients are very much prone to bacterial or viral-mediated infections. Antimicrobial therapy helps the patient to treat the infection by recognizing the deficit properties of the immune system, performing the early diagnosis step and promoting intervention. Why are infections and malignancy common among the elderly? Aging is the main cause of infections and malignancy among elderly people. The immune system of elderly people lost declined the capability to respond to the invading pathogens and restriction against tumor formation. However, the malignancy itself can expose the elderly to infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cytomegalovirus infection (Mahon et al., 2014). Describe the type of infections that are likely to occur in an organ transplant patient. Some specific types of infections are associated with the organ transplant patient in several interval. During the first month, the patient suffers infections results from E.coli, M.tuberculosis. Immunosuppressive therapy sometimes activates CMV infection during the third-month results in GI disease, hepatitis. Some infections may occur after six months of post-transplantation; which are associated with viral influenza and food related illness. Patients with Hodgkin disease are especially susceptible to certain infections. Name several and the reason they are more susceptible. Patients suffering from Hodgkin disease associated with impaired phagocytosis, inability of neutrophiles to migrate to the site of inflammation and a decreased number of neutrophiles which leads to infections. The infections often occurs from the facultative intracellular parasites such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes etc. In neutropenic patients, what type of infection is most common and why? Septicemia is very common with the neutropenic patients. Neutrophils play a crucial role in maintaining the infection at the local site caused by E. coli, K. pneumonia. Pneumonia associated with gram-positive bacteria creates the major problem for neutropenic patients as it results in an inadequate immune response, infection of pulmonary. The patients fail to show symptoms of pneumonia. Who is at greatest risk of infection after a splenectomy and why? The people who compromised their spleen organ are at greatest risk of infection. The largest lymph node of the body is the spleen. So castration of spleen results in weakening the immunity of host. The loss in immunity power leads to severe infections, which are termed as post-splenectomy sepsis. The infections mainly associated with S. pneumonia, H. influenza etc (Mahon et al., 2014). What type of infections has been reported in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma? The infections associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma results in increased creatinine level, a decrease in IgG, and a decline in neutrophil function. The infections more often associated with the endogenous bacteria originate from GI tract and cutaneous layer. Briefly, describe what happens to the immune defense mechanism in a burn patient. The humoral and cell-mediated defense mechanism in burn patient declined due to lowering in the concentration of IgG. The fibronectin level in plasma and matrix also reduced. Thus, the function of reticuloendothelial cell disrupted. The risk of fungal infection also increased with the extent of the burning nature. Serratia, Candida, Fusarium are the critical causes of infection in burn places (Mahon et al., 2014). Questions on Antibiotic Mechanisms of Action and Resistance: Describe the mechanism of action of the different classes of antimicrobials based on the five targets of antibiotics. As stated by Mahon et al. (2014), different antibiotics have a various mode of action based on the target host. The mechanism of action of different classes of antimicrobials are- Inhibition of the cell wall synthesis- Cell wall is the critical structure for the survival of bacterial species. These groups of antibiotics interfere with the cell wall machinery and prevent the cell wall formation. Inhibition of cell membrane function- Disruption of the cell membrane by the group of antibiotics create leakage in membrane which in turn results in loss of essential solution from the cell Inhibition of protein synthesis- Most of the cellular machinery is made up of proteins. Several types of antibacterial agents target the protein binding site of 30s ad 50s ribosome subunit. Inhibition of protein synthesis disrupts the metabolism action of the host. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis- Some antibiotics inhibit the DNA and RNA synthesis by restricts its component. Thus, the bacterial multiplication and survival stop. Inhibition of metabolic process- Some kind of antibiotics selectively blocks some important metabolic pathways of bacterial survival. As folic acid pathway disruption halts some vitamin synthesis in bacteria (Snell Arora, 2012). Describe intrinsic and acquired resistance, and provide examples. The innate ability exerts by a bacteria that prevent the activity of a certain antimicrobial substance both in structural and functional aspects is referred to as intrinsic resistance. This is due to the lack of affinity of antimicrobial towards the target or by the enzyme secretion from the target that inactivates the antimicrobial. Some examples of the intrinsic resistance- Stenotrophomonas shows resistance against Imipenem via producing beta- lactamases enzyme that degrades the drug before it can reach protein binding site. When a particular microorganism gains the ability to resist the effect of a particular antimicrobial to which the organism was susceptible previously, it termed as acquired resistance. This may results due to change in cells of microorganism due to mutation, horizontal gene transfer. For example- Mycobacterium tuberculosis become resistant to rifampicin due to a point mutation in receptor rpoB where rifampicin binds (Tille, 2013). List the different groups of antibiotics discussed in the chapter, and describe how they act on bacteria. Fluoroquinolones (Nalidixic acid, gemifloxacin), Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Rifamycins (rifampin)- Inhibits the DNA and RNA synthesis Lactams (Penems, Cephems, Carbapenems, Monobactams), Glycopeptides (vancomycin), lipopeptides (daptomycin)- Cell wall synthesis inhibitor Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, kanamycin), Tetracyclines, Macrolides (Erythromycin), Streptogramins (pristinamycin), Phenolics (chloramphenicol)- Inhibits protein synthesis. References: Mahon, C. R., Lehman, D. C., Manuselis Jr, G. (2014).Textbook of diagnostic microbiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Snell, J. F., Arora, K. L. (2012).Mechanism of action of antimicrobial and antitumor agents(Vol. 3). J. W. Corcoran, F. E. Hahn (Eds.). Springer Science Business Media. Tille, P. (2013).Bailey Scott's diagnostic microbiology. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Humanities Today Paper free essay sample

Art is defined as a style or form of expressing culture. Art is a broad term used to categorize the way in which ideas, views, dreams, and events are expressed. There is no one type of art. However, the most commonly forms that are known as art include sculpture, and painting. Leon Geol., an American painter, would be a good example of an artist who used politics and the techniques of war and terrorism in his work.The Broad Art Foundation describes Geol. as an existential and activist painter, Gogols interest in the depiction of the figure never waned, and he has recently regained recognition or his large-scale, politically charged works that directly address issues of war, racism, sexism and pope The website goes on to state that political terror and mans abuse of power are the primary subjects rendered in his monumental and highly topical paintings (Golub collection, 2007). Representing association and image usually indicates faith and or affiliation to and with a group. . â€Å"The ancient Greeks concluded that geometry is inherent to the design of the universe. The chambered nautilus shell is the most popular example of the Golden Ratio, with its spiral constructed based on phi, the universal mathematical proportion†(Exploring the Geometric Design of the Universe. )Share Guide, Jan/Feb2008 Issue 95, p16-17, 2p. This can be compared to the mascot of any given high school or college around the world. Philosophy related to humanities often takes part as a point of view or a doctrine. Politicians enjoy doing this when they embellish their own points of view especially when election time draws closer. It takes a keen sense and ability to decipher distorted words and meanings to find out the truth and principles to what they truly represent. Touching on the realms of fact and truth can also be displayed by the public school systems. Although the complete truth is not often taught there some truths to what a basic understanding and knowledge are given. This too is a form of philosophy however vague it may seem. Literature is the perfect way that humanity is fused together. William Shakespeare to Deepak Chopra and the periods in between are crucial as well. Kurt Cobain I’m sure can find some type of common ground with Edgar Allan Poe. Its not just the fact that literature has some kind of relation to the writers more than the embodiment, the meat, and purpose of the drive. It coveys emotion on many different levels. Humanities give the human race the upper hand in the world today as we often overlook the fact that our resources are unlimited and at our disposal. We are able to email, text, im, fax, each other in seconds flat and yet at the same time represent the companies that provide these services as a career. Technology is a venue that allows us to share culture, religion, philosophy, communication, on a personal and professional level. Mass media is a big part of what and how people with disadvantages sometimes rely upon. The most important key in this entire infrastructure are the people that make it all happen. So as long as we take care of each other which is virtually not totally impossible to do, we can continue to make ourselves marketable. After all where would we be without one another? We can feel safe knowing that we depend on each other for relating ideas and thoughts. Its nothing that a power point presentation can ever teach or instruct. Because after all is said and done, we are the ones who put the human in humanity and the sanity in insanity.